4) After the Lydian aggression in Asia Minor during the 7th century, the Greek states prospered in the first half of the 6th century. But that changed when the Medes (east of Lydia) fell to the Persians, who ultimately conquered the Lydians. The resulting Persian subjection of the eastern Greeks engendered concerns about Persian power.
In cultural terms, significant events and styles emerged in this century.
1) The early part of the century saw the increased importance of festivals and games as meeting places for all Greeks, thus integrating religious, literary, athletic, and political cultures.
2) The First Sacred War, in which Cleisthenes of Sikyon, with the help of Athens and Thessaly, defeated Krisa for control of Delphi, ultimately contributed to the development of the moral force of Apollo's oracle at Delphi.
3) Great achievements in the arts and architecture occurred: (i) the Doric and Ionic architectural orders evolved, (ii) temples emerged as an innovation of the Archaic period--not as places of worship but as homes for the gods, with a statue and treasury from dedications, (iii) full anatomical sculptural figures (kouroi and koroi) emerged, (iv) black figure ware pottery developed in the first half of the century, red figure ware in the second. The growing importance of human beings in general can be seen in artistic as well as political events. More interest was shown toward human scenes from ordinary life. The focus was shifting from gods and heroes to humanity.
4) Essential features of the Greek outlook evolved: (1) rational (philosophical) investigations of the cosmos and human experience--though myth still remained a binding element, (2) the introduction of more personal styles in literature, (3) the importance of self-reliance and a readiness to change.
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